Tekufah & Rosh Hodesh : “the last and the first of the 4 turns of the year”

The word תקופות , pronounced in modern Hebrew Tekufot (singular Tekufah), is one of those inevitable key words, involved in the study of the Calendar, that had remained enigmatic until the discovery of the Qumran scrolls.

Dr. Ratson and Prof. Ben-Dov, of the University of Haifa expounded: “This term is familiar from the later Rabbinical literature and from mosaics dating to the Talmudic period, and we could have assumed that it would also be used with this meaning in the scrolls, but this is the first time it has been revealed”.

A Tekufah can now be firmly defined as "one of four cardinal points of the year, occurring at the turn of each season." They correspond roughly to the times of the equinoxes and solstices.

Fragments of Aramaic I Henock were found at Qumran Cave 4. The most complete Book of Henock comes from Ethiopic manuscripts, maṣḥafa hēnok, written in Ge'ez. The authorship of 1 Henock is attributed to "Henock the Seventh from Adam" (Jude 1:14–15 ; 1 En 60:8). Henock describes the Tekufot as follows :

Henock 75:1-3

"Blessed are all the righteous, blessed are all those who walk in the way of righteousness and sin not as the sinners, (abiding) in the reckoning of all their days in which the sun traverses the heaven, entering into and departing from the portals for thirty days with the heads of thousands of the order of the stars, together with the four (days) which are intercalated, which divide the four portions of the year, which lead them and enter with them four days. Owing to them, men shall be at fault and not reckon them in the whole reckoning of the year: yea, men shall be at fault, and not recognize them accurately."

In the reckoning of the elementary structure of the Calendrical year, 360 days are divided into 12 successive months, each of 30 days. Four (4) special days are then intercalated, at the turn of each season, to divide the year into 4 portions, numbering a total of 364 days. The Tekufot are therefore 4 special days: one of the longest days, one of the shortest days, and the 2 days on which daylight and night are equal.